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A Communist front organization is an organization identified to be a front organization under the effective control of a Communist party, the Communist International or other Communist organizations.〔Sheila Suess Kennedy, ''Free Expression in America: A Documentary History'' (Greenwood Press, 1999) pp. 111-122.〕 They attracted politicized individuals who were not Party members but who often followed the Party line and were called Fellow travellers. Lenin originated the idea in his manifesto of 1902, "What Is to Be Done?". Since the party was illegal in Russia, he proposed to reach the masses through "a large number of other organizations intended for wide membership and, which, therefore, can be as loose and as public as possible,"〔Quoted in Theodore Draper, ''American Communism and Soviet Russia'' (2003) p 172〕 Generally called "mass organizations" by the Communists themselves,〔Donald Hindley, ''The Communist Party of Indonesia 1951-1963'' (1966) p. 56〕 these groups were prevalent from the 1920s through the 1950s, with their use accelerating during the Popular Front period of the 1930s. The term has also been used to refer to organizations not originally Communist-controlled which after a time became so, such as the American Student Union. The term was especially used by anti-communists during the cold war (1947-1991). ==International== Under the leadership of Grigory Zinoviev in the Kremlin, established fronts in many countries in the 1920s and after.〔Robert Service, ''Comrades!: a history of world communism'' (2007)〕 To coordinate their activities the Communist International (Comintern) set up various international umbrella organizations (linking groups across national borders), such as the Young Communist International (youth), Profintern (trade unions),〔Ian Birchall, "Profintern: Die Rote Gewerkschaftsinternationale 1920–1937," ''Historical Materialism,'' 2009, Vol. 17 Issue 4, pp 164-176, review (in English) of a German language study by Reiner Tosstorff.〕 Krestintern (peasants), International Red Aid (humanitarian aid), Sportintern (organized sports), etc. In Europe, front organizations were especially influential in Italy〔Joan Urban, ''Moscow and the Italian Communist Party: from Togliatti to Berlinguer'' (1986) p. 157〕 and France, which in 1933 became the base for Communist front organizer Willi Münzenberg.〔Julian Jackson, ''The Popular Front in France'' (1990) p. x〕 These organizations were dissolved the late 1930s or early 1940s. Communist fronts typically attracted well-known and prestigious artists, intellectuals and other "fellow travelers" who were used to advance Party positions. Often they came to the USSR for closely controlled tours, then returned home to praise the future as revealed in the Soviet experiment.〔Michael David‐Fox, "The Fellow Travelers Revisited: The 'Cultured West' through Soviet Eyes," ''Journal of Modern History'' (2003) 75#2 pp. 300-335 (in JSTOR )〕 According to Kennedy (1957), after the war, especially as the Cold War took effect around 1947, the Kremlin set up new international coordination bodies including the World Federation of Democratic Youth, International Union of Students, World Federation of Trade Unions, Women's International Democratic Federation, and the World Peace Council. Kennedy says the, "Communist 'front' system included such international organizations as the WFTU, WFDY, IUS, WIDF and WPC, besides a host of lesser bodies bringing journalists, lawyers, scientists, doctors and others into the widespread net."〔Malcolm Kennedy, ''History of Communism in East Asia'' (Praeger Publishers, 1957) p 126〕 The World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) was established in 1945 to unite trade union confederations across the world; it was based in Prague. While it had non-Communist unions it was largely dominated by the Soviets. In 1949 the British, American and other non-Communist unions broke away to form the rival International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. The labor movement in Europe became so polarized between the Communists unions and the and Social Democratic and Christian labor unions, and front operations could no longer hide the sponsorship and they became less important.〔Anthony Carew, "The Schism within the World Federation of Trade Unions: Government and Trade-Union Diplomacy," ''International Review of Social History,'' Dec 1984, Vol. 29 Issue 3, pp 297-335〕 With the end of the Cold War in 1989, and the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, funding and support systems collapsed and many front organizations shut down or were exposed. For example, post-Communist Moscow newspapers reported the World Peace Council, based in Helsinki, Finland, had received policy guidance and 90% of its funding from Moscow.〔Jan S. Adams, ''A Foreign Policy in Transition: Moscow's Retreat from Central America and the Caribbean, 1985-1992'' (Duke University Press, 1992) pp 69-70〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「communist front」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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